The Internet

MIT2114/2214

Stringer, G

University of Exeter
Creative Media and Information Technology (CMIT)

Exeter, UK

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Abstract

The Internet is a remarkable phenomenon. Essentially, it is just a large number of computers connected together in such a way that communication between them is both reliable and fast. Phrased in this way, it is wholly unremarkable. But the Internet is also the people who use it, to communicate and to share information, even to build relationships and communities. It's a culture that has grown within a virtual space, and that has permeated many aspects of our everyday lives. This module will provide an overview of the Internet, from the mundane networking of computers to the new societies created within it.


Table of Contents

About this Module...
Introduction to the Internet
What is the Internet?
Protocols created by the community
Protocols serving information to a community
Dynamic and permanent connections
How does information travel through the Internet?
The Internet in the Academic World
Connecting using an ISP
How does the connection work from home?
Choosing an ISP
Choosing a broadband provider
How fast? How reliable?
Connecting through the University
Configuring your computer
Measuring Bandwidth
Who governs/regulates/controls the Internet?
Domain names
Internet Protocol Addresses
Other bodies and institutions
Who owns the Internet?
The World Wide Web
What is the World Wide Web?
The Web's unique features
How does the web work?
How do web addresses work?
Why do we use HTML?
Standardisation
Ease of use
How do I make a web page?
Getting started.
Discovering more tags
Validate!
Mail, News and More
The Nature and Use of Email
How Email Works
Using Email Attachments
Top Tips for Effective Email
Email Safety and Security
Web-based Email
Hotmail, Google's Gmail, etc.
Mailing lists
Spam, spam, spam, spam . . .
Emoticons and Acronyms
Instant Messaging
Reading the News
Usenet News and NNTP
RSS Feeds and Aggregators
Podcasts, Audio and Video via RSS
Transferring Files
Telnet and SSH
Terminal Services, Remote Desktop, etc.
Writing and Publishing
Hypertext and the Reader
Dumbing down literacy?
Increasing our efficiency?
Creating our own text?
Searchable text
Rhetorical links
Writing effective hypertexts
Linear or Hierarchical content?
Assumptions of non-linear readers
Providing clues and feedback
Choice and coherence
Multiple views of information
Good HTML Guidelines
Standards
Keeping it simple
Keeping download times small
Copyright and the Web
Multimedia: pictures and sound
Graphics files and formats
Vector vs. Bitmap
Bitmap Colour Depth
Bitmap Image Compression
Transparency and moving graphics
Plug-ins
Adding sound
Analogue vs. Digital
Audio formats
Streamed audio
Audio Compression -- The infamous mp3
Using Video
Other Types of Multimedia
Information Online
Evaluating Internet Resources
Publishing for All
Useful and Reliable
Accuracy
Timeliness
Authorship
Page and Site Integrity
Evaluating Authority by Computer
Searching Effectively
Search Strategies
Choosing a Search Engine
Filtering Search Results
Using Meta-Search Engines
Hubs and Authorities
Deep and Shallow Searching
How Search Engines Work
Spiders, Webcrawlers, etc.
Metadata
Interactive Data on the Web
Up-to-date Information
Feedback
Preferences and Adaptive Pages
Collaborative knowledge
Example: Wikipedia
Online Data and Privacy
Further reading
Safe and Secure Surfing
Introduction to Security
Internet Wildlife
Browser Pop-ups and Pop-unders
Adware and Spyware
Email Scams and Address Gatherers
Denial of Service Attacks
Viruses
Worms
Rootkits and Trojans
Phishing Emails
Defence Mechanisms
Patching and Updating
Passwords and PINs
Digital Signatures
Hardware Tokens
Biometric Identification
Firewalls
Security Checklist
So is online shopping safe?
Is the web server secure?
Is your browser secure enough?
Do you trust that the site is who it says it is?
Do you trust the site not to disclose your details?
Does your credit card offer you guarantees?
Identity Theft
Social Networking
Origins of Social Networking
MySpace and Music Online
Content-sharing sites
Discussion points
The Facebook Revolution
Discussion points
Synchronous networking
Applied Social Networking
Virtual Communities
Origins of Synchronous Communication
Chatting online
Online Dungeons
MUDs and MOOs
Internet societies
Second Life and beyond
Virtual Landscapes
Literary spaces
Architexture
Uses of Imagination
Creating your own space
What makes a Community?
Social Interaction
(N)etiquette
Are Online Communities Different?
Anonymity and equality
Identity and gender
Antisocial behaviour
Non-geographical
Non-physical spaces
Experimental
What's real? What's virtual?
An Internet history
The Internet in its Thirties
Exponential growth
From Nerds to Newbies
World Wide Web
The Internet Ethos
Future Internet: where is cyberspace heading?
Predicting the future by examining the past
Developing useful metaphors
Metaphors from Science Fiction
Metaphors for Information Retrieval
Trends in technology
ADSL and broadband communications
Bandwidth
Wireless technology
Wireless possibilities
Quality of Service
IPv6--the next generation
Cultural Trends
The Rise of Reading
Feedback
Will business take over?
Ethics of the Internet
A. Useful Resources
Glossary
Bibliography
Index

List of Figures

1. Growth in number of Internet hosts
2. ADSL Frequency Spectrum
3. The Internet Society Structure
4. How HTTP works: retrieving a web page
5. How email works
6. A typical newsreader (screenshot)
7. RSS Live Bookmarks in the Firefox Browser
8. A typical podcast aggregator
9. A command-line FTP client
10. A map of a hierarchical hypertext
11. Defining a Bitmap Graphic
12. Defining a Vector Graphic
13. Vector and Bitmap Formats Compared (1)
14. Vector and Bitmap Formats Compared (2)
15. Eight-Bit Colour
16. Twenty-Four-Bit Colour (True-Color)
17. Lossy Compression - High Quality
18. Lossy Compression - Low Quality
19. Analogue vs. Digital Sounds
20. The results of an Ad-Aware scan
21. A simple email scam
22. A simple email scam, with real link address in status bar
23. A phishing alert in Firefox 2

List of Examples

1. The parts of a URL
2. A minimalist web page
3. A few emoticons (or smileys)
4. Commonly used email abbreviations
5. Meta tags in an HTML document